Disease

Body is disregulated homeostatic inbalance. Often have:

Symptoms & Signs

• Symptoms – Defined as what the patient feels.
  • Eg: Headache, Stomachache.
• Signs – Physical/Observational attributes associated with disease.
  • Eg: Rash, Flushed Cheeks.

Diagnosis

• Distinguishing a disease.

---

1. Clinical Observational Techniques

• Visualization: Observe the patient
• Palpation: Feel structures with hands
• Auscultation: Listen (e.g., with a stethoscope)
• Percussion: Tap and listen for sounds/vibrations

---

2. Anatomical Positioning

Body Positions

• Supine: Lying on back (face up)
• Semi-Supine: Lying on back but slightly tilted
• Prone: Lying on stomach (face down)
• Semi-Prone: Lying on stomach but slightly tilted

Regional (Directional) Names

• Anterior (Ventral): Front of body
• Posterior (Dorsal): Back of body

---

3. Planes of the Body

• Sagittal Plane: Divides body into right and left
  • Mid-Sagittal: Equal right/left halves
  • Para-Sagittal: Unequal right/left sections
• Frontal (Coronal) Plane: Divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
• Transverse (Horizontal) Plane: Divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower)
• Oblique Plane: Diagonal cut, combining two or more planes

---

4. Relative Parts (Terms of Relation)

• Medial: Toward the midline
• Lateral: Away from the midline
• Proximal: Closer to a reference point (e.g., limb attachment)
• Distal: Farther from a reference point

Examples:

• Heart is medial to the lungs
• Toes are lateral to the foot

---

5. Body Cavities

Dorsal Body Cavity

• Cranial Cavity: Contains the brain
• Vertebral (Spinal) Cavity: Contains the spinal cord

Ventral Body Cavity

1. Thoracic Cavity

   • Pleural Cavities (2): Each surrounds one lung
   • Mediastinum: Central region between lungs (houses heart, trachea, esophagus, etc.)
     • Pericardial Cavity: Encloses the heart within the mediastinum

2. Abdominopelvic Cavity

   • Abdominal Cavity: Contains stomach, liver, intestines, etc.
   • Pelvic Cavity: Contains urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, rectum

---

6. The 9 Abdominopelvic Regions

1. Right Hypochondriac

   • Liver (right lobe), gallbladder, right kidney, parts of small intestine

2. Epigastric

   • Stomach, liver (part), pancreas, duodenum, adrenal glands

3. Left Hypochondriac

   • Spleen, stomach (part), left kidney, parts of colon

4. Right Lumbar (Flank)

   • Ascending colon, right kidney, parts of small intestine

5. Umbilical

   • Transverse colon, small intestine, “navel” region

6. Left Lumbar (Flank)

   • Descending colon, left kidney, parts of small intestine

7. Right Iliac (Inguinal)

   • Cecum, appendix, parts of small intestine

8. Hypogastric (Pubic)

   • Urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, part of sigmoid colon

9. Left Iliac (Inguinal)

   • Sigmoid colon, parts of small intestine